The Evolution of Jazz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Evolution of Jazz - Essay Example This practice ended before the slaves were emancipated, but remains a contributing factor to the music. African music, combined with European influences, resulted in jazz. Creoles were not free from French and Spanish rule until the Louisiana Purchase was signed in 1803. They came from the Caribbean and were an educated, upper class group, some of whom played at the Opera House. Segregation laws were enforced in 1894 and the creoles were pushed to the poor side of the city. Their musical styles mixed and brought jazz to life. Numerous Creoles, along with African-Americans who were recently freed from slavery, often made their way by performing. Racial segregation was rampant, but so "was the powerful and constant desire of the American Negro to make his mark, to belong, to participate effectively in a predominantly white culture. And music was one of the few avenues to fame and fortune" (Stearns, 55). African-Americans commonly joined vaudeville and minstrel shows, employed as musicians, magicians, comedians, acrobats, actors, and dancers - sometimes burlesque. Others played music on the piano, which came to be called ragtime, in bars and brothels. Storyville of New Orleans became the epicenter of early jazz. Then brasses, drums, and reeds, played by marching bands at funerals, became traditional jazz instruments. Self-taught bands commonly performed in traveling vaudeville shows, which spread the music farther both North and West of Louisiana. "By 1920, according to Frederic Ramsey, Jr., there were over forty outstanding jazzmen from New Orleans to Chicago. Looking back, it now seems almost like a family affair. And in a sense, it was; for the general public and even white jazzmen knew almost nothing about it" (Stearns, 164). That year, the Jazz Age was just beginning, and not everyone was happy about it. Prohibition began that year. An onslaught of speakeasies opened and jazz was a major part of the upbeat entertainment inside of them. Soon enough, jazz was viewed as a threat to old-fashioned values and considered immoral by many. The music lasted through controversy; " the 'twenties were the crucial years during which jazz established itself for better or for worse. Certain patterns emerged during these years, patterns which help explain how jazz grew and spread, and hence the nature of the music. Of all the technological advances - the phonograph, radio, microphone, talking picture, juke-box, and television - which hastened and shaped the spread of jazz, the phonograph is by far the most important single factor" (Stearns, 190). Caucasians helped to popularize the genre when they adapted it themselves, but they couldn't take over it. Though it took time for African-American musicians to take advantage of the phonograph, the opportunity finally arrived in 1922. Kid Ory's Original Creole Jazz Band became the first African-American group to record their music. Over twenty subgenres developed in the decades to follow. Swing, bebop, dixieland, gypsy, cool, and soul jazz are only a handful of them. Performers chose one and made their marks. "Battles of music, once known as 'carving contests', have occurred frequently in the history of jazz... The first and archetypical legend in jazz is the life of Charles 'Buddy' Bolden, who never lost a carving contest. He was almost eight years old before the dances at Congo Square

Painted Limestone Pair Statue of Ptahkhenwy and his Wife Essay Example for Free

Painted Limestone Pair Statue of Ptahkhenwy and his Wife Essay A serdab is a hidden chamber in an Egyptian tomb from which the deceased are believed to view the rituals of their cult. In 1906, a team led by the Boston Museum of Fine Arts Expeditions explored a tomb in Giza, Egypt and were thrilled to stumble upon a painted limestone statue of a couple in the serdab of the tomb. The finding of the statue from the tomb was the first of its kind, and it was received with much excitement by the trustees of the museum. An inscription at the base of the statue identifies the man as Ptahkhenwy, supervisor of palace trainers and his partner’s name is not legible. The couple is believed to have belonged to the Old Kingdom of Egypt, which flourished from 2465—2323 B. C. This statue of Ptahkhenwy and his wife was sculpted from limestone and was about 70. 14 cm tall. It was painted, and the paint was almost intact at the time of the find. This was quite unlike other Egyptian sculptures, which were often excavated with their colors lost. Though Ptahkhenwy wasn’t of royal descend, the artist who made this private sculpture had tried to add a royal touch to it. This is evident from the pose of Ptahkhenwy’s wife who, standing beside Ptahkhenwy, has an arm embracing her husband. This pose is similar to the sculpture of King Menkaure and his queen. The man poses with his left leg forward, a traditional pose of a male, and the woman has both her feet together. This is not a true portrait. It is evident from the fact that both their facial features are the same. The artist seems to have made them so to concede with their wish of being remembered in this beautiful form in posterity. The artist had retained a traditional touch to the sculpture. Ptahkhenwy is colored in red ochre. This is the traditional color for Egyptian men and it indicates the work that they do outside their homes leaving them sunburned. His wife is colored in yellow ochre. This indicates that she was mostly bound to the insides of her house. The negative space between the couple is painted gray. Both their garments are in white color. The wife wears a V-collared sheath dress that was the traditional costume of the women of those times. To add an aesthetic touch, the artist has made the dress cling to the body of the woman. It is so tight that it reveals every part of her body and, according to the Museum of Fine Arts, even â€Å"walking would have been impossible† in such a costume. However, it was not so in reality. Women wore much looser garments enabling them to carry on their chores. The man wears the customary wrap-around kilt that runs up to his knee. The artist has added bright jewelry to Ptahkhenwy and his wife. This was common of the Egyptians of the time. Both wear broad collars. Bright colors in the collars are indicative of semi-precious stones or glazed earthenware. The lady wears two anklets and a bracelet. The design and color are almost similar to actual jewelry found in other Egyptian tombs. Both wear black wigs—Ptahkhenwy’s has curls cut in rows and his wife’s is parted in the center and reaches her shoulder level.

ee cummings :: essays research papers

E. E. Cummings   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Edward Estlin Cummings was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts on October 14, 1894. There were three important events in his early life that had effects on him and how he got famous. Additionally there were three things during his later life. Lastly there were three major events in his life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  E. E. Cummings parents were extremely intelligent people that were very well educated. This had an influence on how he started poetry because he mom encouraged him to write all the time as a child and to express himself through it. He completed a B.A. degree at Harvard University in 1915, which is where he got his first poems printed in the Harvard Monthly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  E. E. Cummings later life was a little more complicated. Following his imprisonment during World War I. He had his first book of poems published on his accounts. In 1925 he wins the Dial Award and begins to write for Vanity Fair. This started his career in writing. He died in 1962 after enjoying 12 popular books published of his poetry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Three major events in E. E. Cummings life are as follows. The most important in many peoples’ opinion was his mother’s influence, she had forced him to do many things that helped him have a vast knowledge of proper English. This also led him to attend Harvard University. Another was the unfortunate event that led to his capture in World War I. He was kept in isolation with one other person for three months. This led to the publishing of his first book based on these experiences. Finally there was his third marriage. After trouble and turmoil throughout his first two, this last one was his final and they stayed together until death. That led him to much happier poems and writing.

Children learn in a variety of ways

In order to see why some kids are more successful as scholars than others it is necessary to see how success is to be defined. This is a peculiarly hard inquiry as a practician within an English secondary school, where two definitions presently persist. The National Curriculum ( the statutory model for instruction in England ) defines successful scholars as pupils who possess certain accomplishments[ I ]( see appendix A ) . This would connote that within English schools kids are deemed to be successful scholars depending upon whether they have developed the identified accomplishments. The accomplishments listed are non specific to any one topic and as such there is no demand for scholars to finish any traditional academic class. However, English schools are measured and judged by the criterions set by consecutive authoritiess. The current authorities has decided that a school ‘s success will be judged based upon their pupils ‘ public presentation in specified GCSE topics[ two ]( 5 A*-C GCSE ‘s including English, Maths, Science, Modern Foreign Language and History or Geography ) . This clearly shifts the focal point within English school from the accomplishments of successful larning back towards public presentation in traditional academic topics. Within this assignment a successful scholar shall be considered to be a pupil who achieves the English Baccalaureate. The writer acknowledges that the authorities ‘s current definition of success is controversial, non least of all as a consequence of the inclusion or exclusion of specific classs of survey. However this definition seems likely to be at the head of educational reform for the foreseeable hereafter and as such is of specific involvement to new practicians. This assignment seeks to critically analyze the consequence of theories of intelligence upon the success of a scholar. It is acknowledged that intelligence research is a monolithic field and that hence this assignment can non measure the full range of research. The focal point of this assignment will stay steadfastly grounded in the deductions of theories within instruction. If intelligence, nevertheless defined, were the lone finding factor upon the success of scholars so a simple trial should be able to accurately foretell the educational results for every kid around the universe. This is clearly non the instance. Individual pupils interact with the universe, and accordingly, the instruction system in a assortment of different ways. There are legion factors impacting upon this interaction which autumn outside of the range of this assignment. Nevertheless it is of import to retrieve that pupils ‘ ultimate success at school can be earnestly affected by factors such as the pupil ‘s motive, their cultural background and any Particular Educational Needs. By definition, it is clear that the whether or non a pupil achieves the English Baccalaureate does non take into history the single differences between scholars. There is no universally acknowledged definition of intelligence. A simple hunt in the Oxford English Dictionary reveals legion definitions, supported by quotation marks within written English dating back every bit far as the 1300 ‘s[ three ]. The word itself holds a curious topographic point within society, its importance is revered and yet its significance can non be easy defined. So what is intelligence? At its most limited definition, â€Å" intelligence is what intelligence trials step †[ four ]. A individual ‘s public presentation on a set on unrelated specified undertakings. However in order to follow this definition of intelligence it is necessary to cognize what it is that intelligence trials really test. At the clip that Boring made his statement ( 1932 ) his statement was genuinely round, neither he nor anyone else at the clip knew what the trials measured[ V ]. In regard of the deductions of intelligence theories on instruction trials began to be developed in France around 1904. Such trials were devised by psychologists such as Binet to foretell ‘success ‘ within the Parisian School system, to the extent that he abandoned the usage of any trial which did non separate between the kids irrespective of its conformity with his vague and traditional theory of intelligence. It would look that Binet ‘s work was non based upon any fresh theory of intelligence, simply the practical job of screening kids into those who could and could non execute in a traditional school scene. Binet ‘s ensuing trial was weighted towards mensurating verbal memory, verbal logical thinking, numerical logical thinking, grasp of logical sequences and an ability to province how one would work out the jobs of day-to-day life. An person ‘s trial mark age was so compared to their existent age. This work formed the footing of Stern ‘s develo pment of the â€Å" intelligence quotient † . The success envisioned by Binet and the Gallic Government at the clip is really similar to the success required by the current UK authorities. Therefore such trials will go on to be a forecaster of success today. Given Binet ‘s attack to the development of his trial, it would look that despite being credited as the Godhead of the first intelligence trial he was in fact the Godhead of a standardized appraisal trial. In recent old ages at that place has been increasing concerns over the impact of national trials. Standardized appraisal trials have been dropped at Key Stage 3 wholly and reduced to merely trials in English and Mathematics at Key Stage 2. In 2010 many primary schools took the extra measure of boycotting the national trials, directing their pupils to secondary schools with Teacher Assessed Levels. Whilst many argue that instructor appraisal leads to better truth than trials for which pupils are extensively prepared, how so can it be the instance that while many instructors are reasoning against the usage of SAT trials in UK schools, they continue to utilize the information provided from intelligence and cognitive ability trials. The usage of intelligence and cognitive intelligence proving within UK schools has increased dramatically within recent old ages. Within this field there are two chief trials which a big figure of pupils presently sit ( CAT and MidYIS/YeLIS ) . These trials are frequently used to help schools in the scene of mark classs and ability grouping without the coaching antecedently experienced in readying for SAT ‘s. Despite this being normal pattern in many schools, it remains controversial. The usage of such trials within schools strengthens the position of intelligence and intelligence-style trials as simply a method of finding success in school. The thought of ‘intelligence proving ‘ has been developed well in the United States since Binet ‘s original work and is now applied in a assortment of different ways, frequently with terrorizing consequences. The writers of The Bell Curve sparked monolithic contention with their work sing the IQ tonss of cultural groups within the United States. Their work seamed to back up the position that intelligence was unconditioned, that it could non be altered and that people with low IQ ‘s caused the jobs within society. This has caused monolithic concern around the universe and the potency for this system to be used to warrant societal segregation or worse can non be ignored. Whilst it is outside the range of this assignment to to the full measure the ongoing nature versus raising argument, it is the writer ‘s position that if a pupil can be ‘coached ‘ to better their consequences on the SAT ‘s trials so it is imaginable that they could be ‘coached ‘ to better their mark on an IQ trial. In response to the publication of ‘The Bell Curve ‘ concern began to turn sing the limited nature of intelligence, as measured by the ‘intelligence quotient ‘ , and any cultural prejudice within the trials. What is valued within a peculiar civilization has monolithic deductions of the development of its people and its construct of intelligence. The original intelligence trials were devised with Western school success in head and early illustrations contain clearly cultural and socio-economic based inquiries. In visible radiation of this concerns sing the US-centric intelligence research Stern berg kind to see the deductions of civilization upon theories of intelligence. In his article Culture, direction, and assessment Sternberg looked at his and other research workers work sing the impact of civilization. The research indicates that ; the act of assessment itself can impact upon an person ‘s public presentation as different civilizations have different outlooks of how they will be assessed, that persons in different civilizations may believe about constructs and jobs in different ways, that public presentation is improved when the stuff being assessed is familiar and meaningful to them, that academic accomplishments are non every bit valued in all civilizations peculiarly where certain practical accomplishments and cognition help them last in their environment. Whilst researching in Africa Sternberg found that many of the traditional positions of intelligence, valued in western so ciety, were frequently considered ‘stupid ‘ in different civilizations i.e. it was non the instance that they could non screen the points as required by the trial but they thought that do so was a mark of stupidity. In response to this find Sternberg developed his theory of successful intelligence ; nevertheless it is non the lone theoretician to review the current system culturally-loaded attack. Gardner MI â€Å" puting logic and linguistic communication on a pedestal reflects the values of our Western civilization and the great premium placed on the familiar trials of intelligence. † These cultural differences can non be forgotten and may function to foreground a failure on the portion of the Bell Curve to look into the grounds for the differences they identified. In a multicultural society how can we be certain that the trials are appropriate for the pupils sitting them? It is argued by the writer that without extended research into the cultural cogency of trials such as CAT and MidYIS, their consequences may take to pupils losing out on chances whilst could otherwise be unfastened to them. Whilst there has been increasing usage of intelligence proving within schools in recent old ages for all students, it has frequently been used to name larning disablements. What deductions for ADHD etc if a wide definition of intelligence had been accepted â€Å" adaptation to the environment † . Such trials are frequently performed by educational psychologists utilizing US-centric trial systems. In response to the increasing desire to label persons as ‘unintelligent ‘ due to their single differences, theories began to spread out the traditional position. Sternberg the â€Å" inclination to blend tonss on trials of intelligence with some sort of personal value † ( 2003b p13 ) . Many theoreticians have purported to follow a wider attack to the significance of intelligence, nevertheless few have really sort to use this to their ain actions or trials. A authoritative illustration of this can be found in the plants of Wechsler, who gives his name to a really traditional manner intelligence trial. Wechsler describes intelligence as â€Å" the sum or planetary capacity of the person to move purposefully, to thin rationally and to cover efficaciously with his environment † ( 1958 p7 ) . However his trial does non reflect this position. This highlights the trouble in inventing trials which match broader theories of intelligence. Given the jobs associated with traditional theories of intelligence, which all excessively frequently focused merely on accomplishments which are valued in the peculiar parts of society, theorists kind to promote a lodger position of intelligence. Sternberg â€Å" the clip possibly has come to spread out our impression and everyone ‘s impression of what it means to be intelligent † ( 2003b p 69 ) . This is an interesting pick of phrasing. It implies that it is non merely theorists which need to spread out their impression ‘of what it means to be intelliegent ‘ but the general populace every bit good. Sternberg proposed his theory of successful intelligence, backed by international research, to explicate why some of the most successful persons in the universe are non considered to be traditionally intelligent. â€Å" A cardinal facet of the theory is that success is defined in footings of a individual ‘s single ends with the context in which that individual lives, instead than in footings of more generalized ends that somehow are supposed to use to everyone. † TFSI â€Å" no affair how good traditional psychometric or cognitive theories account for public presentation on intelligence trials, they seem non to travel much beyond the trials in footings of their ability to account for intelligence in the mundane universe † p.317 â€Å" The triarchic theory is an effort to history for, in a individual theory, what in the yesteryear has been accounted for by multiple theories frequently perceived to be in struggle with each other. † P.325 â€Å" The point to be made, so is that intelligence is non a individual thing ; It comprises a really broad array of cognitive and other accomplishments. Our purpose in theory, research, and measuring ought to be to specify what these accomplishments are and to larn how best to measure and develop them, non to calculate out a manner to unite them into a individual, perchance nonmeaningful figure. â€Å" p. 327 p.335 beyond IQ â€Å" many bing theories of intelligence are uncomplete instead than incorrect † p.328 â€Å" each of the three subtheories of the triachic theory has received at least some empirical proof and amplification, although more empirical research and theory development are clearly needed. † p.334 â€Å" Our research, like that of others, is hindered by the deficiency of entirely satisfactory exeternal standards against which to formalize our theories and steps. † The trouble with bring forthing a wider theory of intelligence is at what point do you halt? What is included and what is non? Where is the line to be drawn? It would look that Sternberg believes that within the US the broadening of intelligence has gone excessively far. â€Å" In U.S. society, cognitive accomplishments have become practically equated with rational skills- the mental bases of intelligence. This equation is a error. † ( Sternberg, wisdom, Intelligence and Creativity synthesized 2003b ) On this point there is one theoretician who has been to a great extent criticised for spread outing this theory excessively far. Howard Gardner appears to hold an of all time turning list of ‘intelligences ‘ each one more vague and abstract that the following, many overlapping with his old classs. The chief expostulation which many people have of Gardner is his usage of the word ‘intelligence ‘ to depict what many would prefer to be known as abilities, accomplishments, endowments or capacities. In response to such unfavorable judgment Gardner explained that he realised, â€Å" that each of these words harboured booby traps, I eventually elected to take the bold measure of allowing a word from psychological science and stretching it in new ways aˆÂ ¦ I was suggesting an enlargement of the term intelligence so that it would embrace many capacities that had been considered outside its range † ( 1999 p33,34 ) . â€Å" There is nil charming about the word â€Å" intelligence † . I have intentionally chosen it to fall in issue with those psychologists who consider logical logical thinking or lingual competency to be on a different plane that musical problem-solving or bodily-kinesthetic aptitude. † ( Multiple intelligences ) â€Å" To name some â€Å" endowment † and some â€Å" intelligence † shows this prejudice. Name them all â€Å" endowments † if you wish ; or name the all â€Å" intelligences † . † â€Å" I think of an intelligence as a biopsychological potency. That is, all members of the species have the possible to exert a set of rational modules of which the species is capable. † â€Å" When I wrote Frames of Mind, I was excessively promiscuous in the usage of the term intelligence, and I applied it in countries where it would hold been preferred to deploy other nomenclature. † Cogency of MI â€Å" it surveys a broad assortment of independent research traditions: neurology, particular populations, development, psychometries, anthropology, development, and so on. The theory is a merchandise of the synthesis of this study. † â€Å" the contention that MI is non theory until the experiments are performed is indefensible. † â€Å" If other researches, looking at the same empirical informations or at new empirical informations, were to come up with a list of modules that were better supported, the current versions of MI theory would be called into inquiry. If there turned out to be a important correlativity among theses modules, as measured by appropriate appraisals, the supported independency of the modules would be invalidated. Furthermore, the theory could be partly disconfirmed on any figure of finer points. Possibly one or more of the campaigner intelligences will be found to be inadequately justified based on farther reappraisal. Possibly there are campaigners that I have non considered. Or possibly the intelligences are non about every bit independent as claimed. Each of these options can be through empirical observation verified and can supply agencies for disconfirming or redeveloping the theory, although in the instance of certain alteration, there might still be some public-service corporation to the theory itself. † The writer would travel as far to province that Howard Garner has non created a list of intelligences, but yet another list of larning manners. This averment is supported by the overplus of articles and books written on the topic in the US and throughout the universe. The application of the theory to the schoolroom puting reads merely as any text on acquisition manners, speaking about holding an consciousness of kids ‘s single form of intelligences, of learning in such a manner that all students have entree to the information in their preferable manner and of developing countries where kids may demo a failing. Sternberg ‘s work is besides non immune from such unfavorable judgment, in his work sing learning for successful intelligence besides describes the theory in a really similar manner to that of acquisition manners. â€Å" The theory of successful intelligence holds that some pupils who do non make good in conventional classs may, in fact, have the ability to win, if they are taught in a manner that is a better tantrum to their forms of abilities. † Teaching for successful intelligence. â€Å" One of the most utile things a instructor can make is to assist a pupil figure out how to do the most of what he or she does good, and to happen ways around what he or she does non make so good. † Coffield ‘s work in this country has found that there are far excessively many accounts of larning manners.

Cultural Tourism Essay

Tourism is one of the largest industries in the world today that consists of eco-tourism, beach tourism, cruises, cultural tourism and business tourism. This essay will mainly discuss the authenticity of cultural tourism. Meethan suggested in 2001 that modern cultures and societies are just as authentic as those that are present since decades and even centuries. Meethan here is correct, because the tourists really seek a dispersed experience in cultures both modern and old. However, many people think that only the traditional cultures and original artefacts come under the definition of authentic cultural tourism. Even the tourists have a different insight of what constitutes the authenticity in cultural tourism. This essay will talk about these issues and their implications for cultural tourism. Cultural tourism, according to World Tourism Organization (WTO), is the visit of the interested tourists to culturally rich destinations and their visit consists of a range of activities such as visits to heritage buildings and sites, attending performances of the local artists, taking part in traditional festivities and pilgrimage of holy places. Many do not agree with this narrow definition by WTO as the cultural tourism is synonymised with the civilizations and the way of living of the historic societies in that tourist destination. The local residents are mostly ignored from the definition and also from the concept of cultural tourism. However, the truth is that the locals make up for the major part of the experience of tourists. Their way of living and the current culture of the residents if often revitalized for enhancing the experience of the tourists. This forced influence on the local cultures for attracting more tourists is hurting the authenticity of the cultures in tourist destinations (Clarke 2003). Although it is true that tourists seek a combination of modern and traditional cultures on their destinations, but they prefer to consume traditional and modern tourism separately. Some of the tourists just fly from East to West for sinking into the beauty of traditional culture. These tourists want to enjoy the tradition by visiting cultural heritage buildings, attending traditional theatres and listening to the cultural songs of the destination. However, some cultural entrepreneurs try to blend the modern aspects with the traditional culture for the promotion of the destinations. There is a triangle of the cultural entrepreneurs, the tourists and the residents of the destination. The culture of the destination is defined by the way of living of the residents and the activities of the entrepreneurs. For the purpose of expanding the business, attracting more tourists and enhancing their sales, the local hosts and cultural entrepreneurs force the residents to change their way of living and link it to the culture. This is done in order to present the tourists with a cultural experience. Hungary has been known for the production wine and the tradition of small wine shops with their own vineyards. These shops and the people involved in the production of wine were of a particular attraction to the tourists as they saw this tradition of wine production as a rich culture. As tourism thrived, there were attempts to increase the production of wines through both, the government authorities and through the cultural entrepreneurs. However, this mass production of wine was not as successful as the wine from small wineries. This is the threat to the authenticity of the culture and the tourists proved that they did not like this blend of modern and traditional culture in Hungary. They proved that they preferred the traditional culture over the modern culture as the mass production of Hungarian wine was not successful. The tourists came to this Hungarian destination for the experience of the traditional small wineries and not for the wine. The tourists also did not get any special treatment by the independent wine producers in Hungary because they considered the tourists as a source of sales. The tourists were not treated any differently from other customers and they were given the sale offer; taste it and purchase it if you like it. This was because the only interest for the wine producers was the revenue from the sale of the wines and nothing more. In this case, the original culture was not touched by the cultural entrepreneurs, and minimal accommodation was made for the tourists such as the use of local wood for furniture. This resulted in the reduction of wine tourism in this area as there was no cultural entrepreneurship. There was nothing more in the offer except the wine, but afterwards some food dishes were also added to the menu but the tourism still was low because of the more complex wine tourism efforts by the other countries. The other countries excelling in wine production attracted more tourists than Hungary because they were able to blend the modern and traditional culture. Another case that supports the view of Meethan is the case of â€Å"Valley of the Arts† which attracted millions of customers each year at the arts festival that was organized by Istvan Marta. The organizers gave a deep thought on the cultural perspectives of the valley and they came to the conclusion that different tourists have different needs. The high spenders would require different type of product than attending just a simple art festival. The venues were made better and redesigned and the marketing efforts were doubled. The organizers attracted sponsorships and media coverage and hence added to the appeal. The locals were also involved and were allowed to attend the shows and these events were transformed into a very fashionable one. Soon the streets became crowded with high end cars owned by the German tourists. Hence, from these two case studies, the lessons learnt are that an entrepreneurial spirit is necessary for the promotion of the cultural tourism focusing on the core of the activity. Hence, modern and traditional cultures need to go hand in hand for the attraction of the international tourists. The commercial intent is necessary but the tradition should be kept alive which is the driving force for the tourists. The tourists should be given added facilities to augment the sales and attract the high spenders and luxury seekers. While Alan Clarke was working in the rural areas of Hungary, the local tradition was kept alive but still the communication technologies had a lot of penetration. The list of available international channels was far more than the number available in United Kingdom. The rural areas had access to Hungarian, Italian, Spanish, French, German, American and Russian channels (Clarke 2003). Jaipur, a culturally rich city of India, is particularly selected as a destination by tourists because of its historical attractions including the handicrafts and the heritage. Jaipur inhibits some of the forts built by the Moguls, centuries old paintings, the preserved sculptures and the traditional excellence in architecture that is preserved in buildings such as mosques. The tourists are also keen to visit Jaipur because of the folklore dances and Sufi music that was inspired by pundits and saints centuries ago. However, the city is continuously gearing up and adding more hotels and hi-tech facilities for the tourists. The core product of tourism in this city is the same for all tourists, but different income level groups can enjoy different class of tourism in this city (Kala 2008). High spenders can opt to spend their evenings in luxury spas while the people belonging to lower income group can live in small hotels and save money to spend on the purchase of handicraft and sculptures. According to a survey on the local residents, around 85% of the residents of Jaipur think that there was an evidence of development of city because of tourism and more entertainment facilities such as pubs, bars, hotels, swimming pools and parks were being developed. In the city, the local small scale industries were also being promoted by the government as the handicraft items were in demand by the foreign tourists. New hotels were also being built for accommodating the increasing number of tourists over time. This has induced employment and created new job opportunities for the local residents. Around 81% of the respondents in Jaipur thought that employment was being generated in the city because of the increasing tourism. Hotels and restaurants are labour intensive and hence they require the locals to work in their facilities. This generates more jobs for the local residents. Increasing tourism had positive impacts on the economy, but the locals have to face the problems such as increased traffic jams in the city and change in the culture. The way of living of the locals change as the standard of living gets better. Once the international tourists start coming in, and development start, then the primary culture is forgotten. 71% of the respondents of a survey in Jaipur commented that the increase in tourism has affected their traditional culture (Kala 2008). This change in traditional culture and way of living could harm the cultural tourism industry in the long term because the tourists will not be attracted to the city once the way of living of the locals is changed. The tourist-host interaction is very important in cultural tourism because it is an integral part of cultural tourism. The cultural tourists expect a spontaneous interaction with the locals and their traditional hospitality. However, if these important elements are vanished from the Jaipur culture, then the cultural tourists will no longer be attracted to the city. From the case studies presented, it is proved that only those tourist destinations have been successful which integrated modern and traditional culture. Authenticity of the culture is affected by designing attractions for the tourists but this depends upon the definition of cultural tourism. The modern tourist, however, can no longer enjoy cultural tourism that is untouched by modernity. There are also some issues when there is a blend of the two types of cultures. If these issues are managed properly, cultural tourism can be of great help to the economy of the destination and it can be responsible for raising the standard of living of the locals too. WORKS CITED Clarke, A. â€Å"The Cultural Tourism Dynamic. † Conference on Developing Cultural Tourism. UK: University of Nottingham, 2003. Kala, N. â€Å"Host Perception of Heritage Tourism Impact with Special Refernce to the City of Jaipur. † entrepreneurs 1, no. 1 (2008): 65-76.

Social Sciense

Social Sciense 3‚ º AÂÆ'‘OECONOMÂÆ' A Y CONTABILIDAD2014GUÂÆ' ATEÂÆ'“RICO-PRÂÆ' CTICAAUTOR:Prof. Claudio H. OlivetoEconomÂÆ' ­a y ContabilidadÂÆ' MBITO ECONÂÆ'“MICOEL HOMBREen su relaciÂÆ' ³n con elECONOMÂÆ' A POLÂÆ' TICA CULTURA TECNOLOGÂÆ' AVive en utiliza necesitaContextoSOCIEDADENCUESTAS ENTREVISTAS ESTADÂÆ' STICAS POLÂÆ' TICAS ECONÂÆ'“MICASLA ORGANIZACIÂÆ'“NPor lo cual se creanrequiereNutreSOCIEDADES COMERCIALESSISTEMAS DE INFORMACIÂÆ'“NAMBIENTE EXTERNOprovieneAMBIENTE INTERNOQue utilizanREGISTRACIÂÆ'“N CONTABLEDOCUMENTOS COMERCIALESque respaldan laUNIDAD 1 : El Universo EconÂÆ' ³micoLa EconomÂÆ' ­a cuenta con recursos naturales (bosques, minerales), bienes (libros, mÂÆ' ¡quinas) y capacidad del hombre (inteligencia, creatividad) para satisfacer las necesidades de los hombres.En el circuito econÂÆ' ³mico encontramos dos unidades econÂÆ' ³micas fundamentales: Unidad de Consumo (familias) y Unidad d e ProducciÂÆ' ³n (empresas). La primera ofrece a la segunda los Factores Productivos (naturaleza, trabajo, capital y direcciÂÆ' ³n) a cambio la unidad de producciÂÆ' ³n le retribuye con Ingresos (renta, salario, interÂÆ' ©s y beneficio). Con los factores productivos la unidad de ProducciÂÆ' ³n produce Bienes y Servicios que se los entregan a la unidad de Consumo a cambio de un Precio.Precios de Referencia PROCREAR. La Rioja y Catamar...Factores Productivos : Todo proceso productivo implica la concurrencia de los factores que hacen posible esa producciÂÆ' ³n de bienes y servicios.Trabajo: mano de obra.Capital: equipo fÂÆ' ­sico, que constituye los recursos productivos (materia prima, maquinaria, etc.).Naturaleza: recursos naturales.DirecciÂÆ' ³n: conducciÂÆ' ³n, administraciÂÆ' ³n.Moneda - MercadoLas primeras transacciones comerciales se desarrollaron a travÂÆ' ©s del trueque. Luego surgiÂÆ' ³ la necesidad de utilizar una unidad de cambio de acepta ciÂÆ' ³n generalizada que se denominÂÆ' ³ moneda.La moneda cumple estas funciones elementales: Medida de todos los valores, medio de divisibilidad y medio de atesoramiento.La moneda puede ser metÂÆ' ¡lica y billetes (el circulante de un paÂÆ' ­s).El concepto de dinero es mÂÆ' ¡s amplio que el de moneda. El dinero es el intermediario de todos los cambios. Tiene tres funciones: Medio de compra...

Free Essays on Offender Profiling

Offender Profiling It is said that race and one’s own household income may be related to they types of crime offenders commit, specifically rapists. However, there are many assumptions that may prove this statement true or false. In the article of â€Å"offender profiling†, the writer states that there are seven characteristics schemes for a rapists. Antisocial behavior, expressive aggression, pervasive anger, sexualization, non sadistic sexual/compensatory, overt sadism, and offensive planning. Out of the seven, it is has been a consistent fact that â€Å"the overall best predictive accuracy for rapists is expressive aggression†. Since there have been many studies to a rapists’ behavior, it has been easier to predict the form of way the rapist will leave the crime scene. If a rapists has a record of a criminal background and with the same offense, it is very likely that the next offense will be the same offense with the same planning of the crime. Psychological fac tors such as antisocial behavior or a criminal background do play major roles in determining the form in which the rapist offends a victim. I have to agree with the fact that if a person has a background of criminal behavior and has done the crime more than once, the rape offender is most likely to do the crime again. Also, profiling is common in the modern world as what we call today. It is so commonly known that minorities, especially Hispanics and blacks are more likely to commit these crimes. Society puts more stress into these two groups eventually labeling all blacks and Hispanics to be known as rape offenders. But the truth comes out when we look at the statistics. There is not one single race that does not commit a crime. It is the area of crime that the racial background of a person comes to play a role of the type of crime committed. Form example, in the article, the writer shows a chart of white men and the percentage of crime they have comm... Free Essays on Offender Profiling Free Essays on Offender Profiling Offender Profiling It is said that race and one’s own household income may be related to they types of crime offenders commit, specifically rapists. However, there are many assumptions that may prove this statement true or false. In the article of â€Å"offender profiling†, the writer states that there are seven characteristics schemes for a rapists. Antisocial behavior, expressive aggression, pervasive anger, sexualization, non sadistic sexual/compensatory, overt sadism, and offensive planning. Out of the seven, it is has been a consistent fact that â€Å"the overall best predictive accuracy for rapists is expressive aggression†. Since there have been many studies to a rapists’ behavior, it has been easier to predict the form of way the rapist will leave the crime scene. If a rapists has a record of a criminal background and with the same offense, it is very likely that the next offense will be the same offense with the same planning of the crime. Psychological fac tors such as antisocial behavior or a criminal background do play major roles in determining the form in which the rapist offends a victim. I have to agree with the fact that if a person has a background of criminal behavior and has done the crime more than once, the rape offender is most likely to do the crime again. Also, profiling is common in the modern world as what we call today. It is so commonly known that minorities, especially Hispanics and blacks are more likely to commit these crimes. Society puts more stress into these two groups eventually labeling all blacks and Hispanics to be known as rape offenders. But the truth comes out when we look at the statistics. There is not one single race that does not commit a crime. It is the area of crime that the racial background of a person comes to play a role of the type of crime committed. Form example, in the article, the writer shows a chart of white men and the percentage of crime they have comm...

Flood Insurance Myths and Facts

Flood Insurance Myths and Facts People who live on top of the hill dont need flood insurance. Not true, according to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and just one of the many myths surrounding the agencys National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). When it comes to flood insurance, not having the facts can literally cost you your lifes savings. Owners of both homes and businesses need to know the flood insurance myths and facts. Myth: You cant buy flood insurance if youre in a high-flood-risk area.Fact: If your community participates in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), you can buy National Flood Insurance no matter where you live. To find out if your community participates in the NFIP, visit FEMAs Community Status page. More communities qualify for the NFIP everyday. Myth: You cant buy flood insurance immediately before or during a flood.Fact: You can buy National Flood Insurance anytime - but the policy isnt effective until a 30-day waiting period after the first premium payment. However, this 30-day waiting period can be waived if the policy was purchased within 13 months of a flood map revision. If the initial flood insurance purchase was made during this 13-month period, then there is only a one-day waiting period. This one-day provision only applies when the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) is revised to show the building is now in a high-flood-risk area. Myth: Homeowners insurance policies cover flooding.Fact: Most home and business multi-peril policies do not cover flooding. Homeowners can include personal property coverage in their NFIP policy, and residential and commercial renters can purchase flood coverage for their contents. Business owners can buy flood insurance coverage for their buildings, inventory and contents. Myth: You cant buy flood insurance if your property has been flooded.Fact: As long as your community is in the NFIP, you are eligible to purchase flood insurance even after your home, apartment, or business has been flooded. Myth: If you do not live in a high-flood-risk area, you do not need flood insurance.Fact: All areas are susceptible to flooding. Nearly 25 percent of the NFIP claims come from outside high-flood-risk areas. Myth: National Flood Insurance can only be purchased through the NFIP directly.Fact: NFIP flood insurance is sold through private insurance companies and agents. The federal government backs it. Myth: The NFIP does not offer any type of basement coverage.Fact: Yes, it does. A basement, as defined by NFIP, is any building area with a floor below ground level on all sides. Basement improvements - finished walls, floors or ceilings - are not covered by flood insurance; nor are personal belongings, like furniture and other contents. But flood insurance does cover structural elements and essential equipment, provided it is connected to a power source (if required) and installed in its functioning location. According to a recent FEMA press release, items protected under building coverage include the following: sump pumps, well-water tanks and pumps, cisterns and the water inside, oil tanks and the oil inside, natural gas tanks and the gas inside, pumps or tanks used with solar energy, furnaces, water heaters, air conditioners, heat pumps, electrical junction and circuit breaker boxes (and their utility connections), foundation elements, stairways, staircases, elevators, dumbwaiters, unpainted drywall walls and ceilings (including fiberglass insulation), and cleanup expenses. Protected under content coverage are: clothes washers and dryers, as well as food freezers and the food inside them. The NFIP recommends both building and content coverage be purchased for the most comprehensive protection.

Financial risk management in the financial institutions Dissertation

Financial risk management in the financial institutions - Dissertation Example Therefore, it is because of this trend there has been need for the risk management practices in the financial institutions. It has also forced the regulatory authorities and the bankers to improve the internal systems such as pricing, risk evaluation and control (Saita, 1999). It has been found that the traditional banking business of making loans and accepting deposits have declined in the United States in the recent years. People are switching from directly held assets to the pension funds and the mutual funds. In light of this issue, the banks are attempting to uphold their position relative to the GDP. They are putting emphasis on switching from their traditional business to fee-producing activities. It has been found that the household investors in the US and the UK bear more risk from their investment in comparison to the investors of Japan, Germany and France. However, according to few researchers it has been argued that intermediaries from Japan, Germany and France may be abl e to manage the risk by holding liquid reserves and intertemporal smoothing. On the other hand, the countries such as the US and the UK are not able to manage their risk because of the competition that they face from the financial markets. With the decline in the financial innovation and traditional banking business that is normally undertaken by the banks in the US, it can be described as a response to the competition that they face from the markets and the decline in the intertemporal smoothing (Allen & Santomero, 2001). Question Two The design in the new security, advances in the theory of finance along with the improvements in the computer and telecommunication technology have resulted in revolutionary changes in the overall structure of the financial markets and the institutions. Hedging versus equity has a role to play in managing the risk (Merton, 2000). The corporate hedging can help in reducing the volatility of the firm value. In this perspective, it is important to unders tand what the term corporate hedging denotes. It generally makes use of the off-balance-sheet instrument such as forwards, swaps, futures and options. For instance, if in case the value of the American manufacturing firm facing competition in the US markets from its foreign manufacturers are inversely linked to the value of the Dollars, then the manufacturing company can hedge the exposure by employing the off-balance sheet instruments. The exchange rate changes or volatility can be hedged in various ways. It can be done by selling the foreign exchange futures on the foreign currency, entering into the currency swaps, buying a put option or by writing a call option on the foreign currency. Therefore, it can be said that by utilising this tools the firm can hedge the risk. On the other hand, the firm can hedge by making use of the on-balance-sheet strategy (Nance & Et. Al., 1993). Credit options can also be used by the bond investors to hedge against the decline in the price of the b ond. The decline may be caused because of the downgrade in the company’s debt. Credit options are a second type of credit derivatives that can be used to hedge the risk of adverse changes brought about in the credit quality. The debt issuers can also make use of the credit-linked note which is a type of the credit derivative in order to hedge against credit risk. Therefore, it is evident that the conventional methods of managing the risk such as bank loan, assets securitisation and diversification can provide only a

Safety and security of public transit Research Paper

Safety and security of public transit - Research Paper Example Access to jobs, healthcare, and other services hinges upon access to reliable, affordable, and efficient public transit for masses. The increased use of public transit in both developed and developing countries show that people clearly value public transit. The availability of public transport is quite important for people with limited incomes. Public transit has its own importance. It can strengthens the economy, creates jobs, reduces traffic congestion, travel times and air pollution in case of rapid transit and save energy and oil consumption, if public investments are increased in this area. Today, transit system development is being used as a tool to encourage business growth, reduce sprawl, create a sense of community, rejuvenate obsolete towns and declining cities, and also enlargetax revenues for the authorities. Scale of the issue: Safety and security must have equal consideration along with economic and environmental aspect no matter what transport mode is being used. An ac cident caused by a bit of negligence reduces confidence in the safety of transport system. Accidents can lead to injuries and deaths and so does massive environmental changes takes place due to it. Significant commercial and financial consequences are likely to happen. Matters are often brought before courts and a criminal prosecution takes place which not only ruins one’s career but their life’s as well. Worldwide there are estimated to be approximately one million road accident casualties each year and around 10 million people are injured, many with long term disabilities (World Health Report 1999). Accidents are usually a combination of unrelated events and in many modes human element is the significant in this casual chain. People rarely make mistakes intentionally but these unintended mistakes and blunders lead to huge consequences for which someone has to pay the price of it. Most important transport problems take place when transport systems for any reasons is n ot ablesatisfy the requirements of mobility and such problems usually takes place in urban areas where there is large density. Productivity of any nation today is largely dependent on the efficiency of its transport system. This is because today transit system is required to move labor, consumers and goods from multiple sources to multiple destinations. In most parts of the world especially in developing countries public transit systems are either over or under used (Mitechelle, Daniel, 2005). During peak hours public transit system has to cope with the large amount of potential passenger while this creates a discomfort among the passengers due to the large crowd. Transport services are unable to cover their operating costs at times due to low fare rates this makes them financially unstable and infeasible. Every public transit systems cannot generate sufficient income to cover its operating costs although numerous efforts have been done to cover the operating costs like cross-financ ing and provision of subsidies from the government. Some public transportation is quite expensive e.g.taxis, airports supershuttles and these are used for limited purposes. People prefer to use bus or rail as the transit system. One factor thatinfluences the degree to which the public will use mass transit is reliability. Reliability is associated with labor relations. Strike on

Raising the ante Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Raising the ante - Essay Example If as one other board member said, the price of Phyllis' proposal will damage the company's profit picture, this eventuality would not only hurt the company but all its employees as well. Businesses should consider all stakeholders' interests if this may be affected by a business practice. Stakeholders include owners, employees, customers, suppliers and other groups affected by the business. I do not think Phyllis Warren was unfair in taking advantage of the board's implied admission of salary discrimination on the basis of sex. She saw the opportunity present itself for her and other women employees to earn more than what they were currently receiving. Usually, employees will not have an exact profit picture about the companies they work for. If the company could well afford back pay to correct the discrimination practiced in the past, then Phyllis had the right to at least bring this to the board's attention. However, it is another issue if the board's decision should be for or against Phyllis proposal. The entire matter of accountability of the company for a previous board's policies and actions may have to be decided in a legal forum. Corporations and other institutions are increasingly being held accountable for their decisions, actions, behaviors and performance by a wide range of external and internal stakeholders - employees, customers, stockholders, media, gove rnment officials, capital markets, civic leadership, the judicial system, advocates and activists (G&A, 2007). 4. Do you think Phyllis was wrong in giving the board the impression that her proposal enjoyed broad support Why I think there are two answers to this question. From the point of view of persuasive communication, I do not think Phyllis was wrong in giving the board the impression that her proposal enjoyed broad support. Phyllis had gone to the board with an objective that she of course wanted to accomplish and giving the impression of broad support for her proposal was merely a tool she used in order to persuade the board to agree with it. An impression is a feeling retained as a consequence of experience (AHD, 2000). It may not be reality. However, from the point of view of sincerity both to the board and Phyllis' fellow women employees, I think Phyllis was wrong in creating the impression mentioned above, especially since she hinted that her group was prepared to pursue legal action. Considering that Phyllis actually did not have broad support for

In major militay conflicts, matters of logistics are often crucial in Essay

In major militay conflicts, matters of logistics are often crucial in deciding the overall outcome of wars. Discuss with refere - Essay Example The joint delivery lines were not widened and pursued the marine docks with the Royal Navy taking over the Mediterranean. The major apprehension was submarines. Airplanes were not as dominant in World War I as they were in World War II â€Å"to sink a capital ship† (Brown, p. 72, 1998). Throughout World War I, unhampered submarine combat had a considerable force on the capability of Britain's partners to keep distribution paths open, at the same time as the huge volume of the German armed forces showed a lot more for its railways to sustain apart from the time when halted in trench conflict. Logistics, intermittently termed as ‘battle service sustenance’ (Brown, p. 76, 1998), should deal with extremely doubtful circumstances. Whereas ideal estimates are hardly ever achievable, estimates models can decrease vagueness regarding what materials or facilities will be considered necessary, at what place and at what time they will be wanted, or the most excellent method to supply them. Eventually, responsible representatives are required to make results on these issues, at times by means of instinct and logically evaluating substitutes as the circumstances call for and authorize (Shrader, p. 28, 1992). Their decisions should be supported not just by expert understanding of the several facets of logistics itself but as well on the perceptive of the interaction of directly linked armed forces concerns, for instance, line of attack, approaches, aptitude, guidance, recruits, and funding. On the other hand, case studies have revealed that quantitative numerical investigations are mostly an important enhancement on individual decision. One such example is the application of â€Å"Applied Information Economics by the Office of Naval Research and the Marine Corps for forecasting bulk fuel requirements for the battlefield† (Shrader, p. 48, 1992). In most important armed forces clashes, logistics issues are mostly decisive in choosing the general effe ct of conflicts. â€Å"For instance, tonnage war - the bulk sinking of cargo ships - was a crucial factor in World War II† (Shrader, p. 65, 1992). The triumphant united anti-submarine movement in addition to the collapse of the German Navy to drop an adequate amount of shipment within the conflict of the Atlantic permitted Britain to remain in the conflict and set up the subsequent front in opposition to the Nazis; by distinction, the unbeaten U.S. submarine movement in opposition to Japanese marine transport through Asian seas successfully crippled its financial system as well as its armed forces creation potential. More commonly, shielding one's personal delivery lines as well as assaulting those of an opponent is a basic armed forces policy; an illustration of this as an entirely logistical movement for the armed forces way of executing strategic course of action was the Berlin Airlift. Armed forces logistics has initiated a number of procedures that have subsequently turn ed out to be extensively positioned within the profitable world (Creveld, p. 102, 1979). Functions study grew further than World War I

Bugs, Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bugs, Inc - Essay Example World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), which administers the rights of inventors, has given further safeguards. â€Å"The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It is dedicated to developing a balanced and accessible international intellectual property (IP) system, which rewards creativity, stimulates innovation and contributes to economic development while safeguarding the public interest.† (wipo.int, n.d). In the case of BUG, Inc, the new copyright treaty signed in 1996, provides the needed copyright protection for its software. With this safe protection, BUG will be able to expand its reach and sales internationally. That is, the intellectual property rights will minimize the risk of other companies pirating the BUG’s software and using it. So, protection of its software is one of the important legal protections, BUG should have for its intellectual property. Steve is the ‘proxy’ employee or spy of WIRETAP who worked in BUG to steal BUG’s important secrets and files. Steve did that by forwarding the BUG e-mails; he received or hacked, to WIRETAP, including the e-mail correspondence between BUG’s officers. For this crime, Steve can be charged under the Economic Espionage Act of 1996. As this act covers and bars stealing and trading of company’s secrets and details through computer and internet, Steve can be accused of violating it. Likewise, WIRETAP, Inc. could also be charged under the same Economic Espionage Act, for their role in the stealing of a company’s classified documents using computers and internet. So, both the parties in the crime, Steve and WIRETAP can be charged under the civil liability of Economic Espionage Act of 1996 â€Å"The Espionage Act is a very important weapon to address and penalize computer and Internet espionage† (Cheeseman, 2004). RICO Act, short for Racketeerin g and Influenced Corrupt

In major militay conflicts, matters of logistics are often crucial in Essay

In major militay conflicts, matters of logistics are often crucial in deciding the overall outcome of wars. Discuss with refere - Essay Example The joint delivery lines were not widened and pursued the marine docks with the Royal Navy taking over the Mediterranean. The major apprehension was submarines. Airplanes were not as dominant in World War I as they were in World War II â€Å"to sink a capital ship† (Brown, p. 72, 1998). Throughout World War I, unhampered submarine combat had a considerable force on the capability of Britain's partners to keep distribution paths open, at the same time as the huge volume of the German armed forces showed a lot more for its railways to sustain apart from the time when halted in trench conflict. Logistics, intermittently termed as ‘battle service sustenance’ (Brown, p. 76, 1998), should deal with extremely doubtful circumstances. Whereas ideal estimates are hardly ever achievable, estimates models can decrease vagueness regarding what materials or facilities will be considered necessary, at what place and at what time they will be wanted, or the most excellent method to supply them. Eventually, responsible representatives are required to make results on these issues, at times by means of instinct and logically evaluating substitutes as the circumstances call for and authorize (Shrader, p. 28, 1992). Their decisions should be supported not just by expert understanding of the several facets of logistics itself but as well on the perceptive of the interaction of directly linked armed forces concerns, for instance, line of attack, approaches, aptitude, guidance, recruits, and funding. On the other hand, case studies have revealed that quantitative numerical investigations are mostly an important enhancement on individual decision. One such example is the application of â€Å"Applied Information Economics by the Office of Naval Research and the Marine Corps for forecasting bulk fuel requirements for the battlefield† (Shrader, p. 48, 1992). In most important armed forces clashes, logistics issues are mostly decisive in choosing the general effe ct of conflicts. â€Å"For instance, tonnage war - the bulk sinking of cargo ships - was a crucial factor in World War II† (Shrader, p. 65, 1992). The triumphant united anti-submarine movement in addition to the collapse of the German Navy to drop an adequate amount of shipment within the conflict of the Atlantic permitted Britain to remain in the conflict and set up the subsequent front in opposition to the Nazis; by distinction, the unbeaten U.S. submarine movement in opposition to Japanese marine transport through Asian seas successfully crippled its financial system as well as its armed forces creation potential. More commonly, shielding one's personal delivery lines as well as assaulting those of an opponent is a basic armed forces policy; an illustration of this as an entirely logistical movement for the armed forces way of executing strategic course of action was the Berlin Airlift. Armed forces logistics has initiated a number of procedures that have subsequently turn ed out to be extensively positioned within the profitable world (Creveld, p. 102, 1979). Functions study grew further than World War I

Data Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Data Security - Essay Example The purpose of this report is to research the necessary solutions and to provide recommendations for management team. â€Å"Design Studio One is known as a leader in creative services, web design and web development in Atlanta since 2001. Located on Lenox Road in Buck-head near downtown Atlanta, they are committed to helping business development in the metro region, but their service and client base extends across the country. With their continual focus on quality and customer satisfaction, they consistently deliver successful solutions for their clients.†1 The company provides solutions in web designing, web hosting, search engine optimization, website maintenance and updates, logo design and print design. Customers are able to login through the website and gain the access to their control panel. In the client login section, customers are able to view the status of their project. They are also able to enter or modify their personal information such as email address and credit card number. This panel also gives the customer the ability to test their website temporarily on the server and give their feedback and request the company to modify the project easily. Although the current service is robust and customers have full control on their project, the management team noticed that some of customers complained about the security problem of both servers and control panel of the company’s website. Some of them had received so many bulk emails in their inbox from the support email of the company and some of them had lost their access to the control panel because their password and information was stolen by a third party. The management team at the company requested the server experts to check the security situation of the company on a weekly basis and the results of the primary research implied that the company’s server has approximately between

Is War Ethical Essay Example for Free

Is War Ethical Essay The question, is war ethical, should always be the first question asked and the first question answered before engaging in such a world altering, life changing endeavor. One must be sure that purpose of war is to bring peace. â€Å"That its essential aim is always peace, so if peace is forthcoming in any guise, it is morally critical for all parties to seek a return to a permanent peace rather than a momentary lapse of war† (Moseley). Unfortunately, this is not the mindset of Falcon, one of the charters in The Sirens of Baghdad. He is militant; consumed with Thanatos and with an â€Å"appetite for destruction† (Hedges 251) towards the American troops; Falcon in the event below is determined to deceive and poison the minds of his brethren against the Americans troops. The event with Falcon takes place at the barbershop in Karfr Karam. Falcon and the elders of the town are gathered there, discussing the capture of Saddam by the American force in Iraqi. After some of the elders expressed their gratitude for the Americans capturing Saddam. Falcon takes this opportunity to place his seeds of doubt. He tries to unethically persuade his brethren. He expresses to them that the Americans had no right to go after Saddam and insists that it was the people of Iraqis responsibility. He believed it was because of every Iraqi’s cowardice that Saddam tyrannized them. He references this when he said, â€Å"People have the kings they deserve† (Khadra 32). He then expressed that Saddam may have been a monster but added that he was their monster. Falcon went on to explain that Saddam was one of them and shared their blood. He added that Saddam may have been a tyrant but he was Iraqi and therefore the Americans had no business touching or going after him. Falcon expressed that he would rather have Saddam still in power rather than the infidel American troops in Iraq. Falcon believed it was the Americans’ force, not Saddam that put Iraq in dire straits. Falcon says, â€Å"Look at what they’ve made of our country: hell on earth† (Khadra 33). Falcon’s behavior is fueled by Thanatos just as the behavior of the Islamic clerics was when they were determined to convert their countrymen into devout Muslims. â€Å"They spurned the decadence of the West including what the clerics condemned as the West’s loose sexual mores, drug use and thirst for sensual gratification†(Hedges 260). In that very moment Falcon was purposely lying to demoralize the American troops. He was trying to persuade his audience that the Americans did not come to free Iraq and bring peace. Falcon felt Saddam was an excuse to take Iraq’s resources and pillage their towns and cities. He tried to fill his audience’s minds with doubt and mistrust. He was unethically deceiving his community the same way real life insurgents behave in the Iraqi war. Tariq say’s, â€Å"More and more Iraqis were fooled by the insurgents propaganda, and the attacks aimed at Americans and their supporters increased. My country †¦ has suffered greatly from the insurgency, and we have lost many people who believed in the U. S. message† (Abandoned in Iraq). Falcon, just like the real insurgents in Iraq dedicated to their unethical war, chose an unethical path. He spread deceitful lies and led his brethren into the jaws of Tahantos instead of guiding them towards a life of peace and happiness. The next event in The Sirens of Baghdad is fueled by the insurgents’ use of deceitful tactics. In pursuit of their unethical war, they purposely caused innocent lives to be lost in order to create media propaganda to recruit the naive young men of Iraq. They dressed in civilian clothing and hid among the people. They used the innocent women and children for cover and human shields. â€Å"A populace†¦. held hostage by a group of ragged, starving ‘rebels,’ armed with filthy rifles and rocket launchers† (Khadra 76). Their actions and behaviors are very similar to those of the real insurgency and their unethical war in Iraq. An example of this is when they gave young school children realistic toy guns to play with at the very same check points their relatives work at with US troops. This was obviously done to cause innocent bloodshed which, in turn, will create some type of media propaganda for their cause. Specialist Raven Jenks says, â€Å"It’s to train the kids to use real weapons, and also to provoke us into killing civilians (Iraq’s young Blood). The insurgency uses this unethical tactic to create media propaganda of war. This is for the sole purpose of causing despair and rage within the people of Iraq to brainwash them and turn them against the forces that are sent to help. In the event described below, Yassen is one of the first young men in the Sirens of Baghdad to be won over by this unethical war tactic. The event takes place in the cafe in Kafr Karma. Seeds of doubt and deception have already reached the minds of Kafr Karma’s youth about American troops. Before departing for Bagdad, Sayed, Falcon’s son, purposely left a parting gift of a television for Kafr Karam’s youth at the cafe. He did this in hopes the youth would not forget his message and â€Å"that the young men of Kafra Karam would not lose sight of their country’s tragic reality† (Khadra 74). Along with the seeds of doubt and deception already planted within the young men’s minds, this gift â€Å"proved to be a poisoned chalice† (Khadra 83). It served its purpose well. The youth were griped with the images of war and enraged by the lost of innocent blood shed of their people. They began to sway to the side of the insurgency unethical war; â€Å"applauding successful ambushes and deploring skirmishes that went wrong† (Khadra 84). The young men of Kafr Karam were growing closer to Thanatos everyday and the temptation to â€Å"honor false covenants †¦. and gender† (Hedges 250),such as Saddam, was taking affect. Fully aware of the unethical wrongs Saddam committed, the youth still began to further familiarize themselves with him. Their initial delight for his capture turned to frustration. One of the youth, Yaseen, felt the publicity portraying the capture of Saddam portrayed him as a rat; dirty, confused, unshaven, and exposed to the cameras of the world. Yassen took offense to this and announced â€Å"by humiliating him like that, they were holding up every Arab in the world to public opprobrium† (Khadra 84). Yassen was clearly won over by the insurgency’s propaganda and unethical chose to aid in spreading its lies and deceit. The insurgency’s seed of doubt and deception enforced by their media propaganda enforced their campaign for the loyalty (Hedges 250) and paid off. The insurgency gained a new recruit from Kafr Karam to join their unethical war. The final event described below from The Sirens of Baghdad is a fictional example of the ultimate insanity of the insurgency’s unethical war. The Iraqi insurgency preys on the young men and boys who have been submerse in violence; â€Å"the closest analogy may be to the Taliban in Afghanistan. They offer these orphans of war a different kind of family structure cemented by the bonds of Islam†(Iraq’s Young Blood). These young Iraqis want to belong but more importantly crave purpose. Their minds are impressionable, easy to manipulate and brainwash. Making them the perfect candidates to turn into suicidal human weapons. The event described below from The Sirens of Baghdad bear witness to this product of unethical war. The main character (the narrator) turns himself into human weapon. The final event takes place in Beirut, Lebanon. The narrator has been groomed by his cousin Sayed (a member of the insurgency) since his arrival in Baghdad form Kafr Karam. The narrator, who has longed to become a suicide bomber, now receives his chance. Fully aware of his cousin’s fate, Sayed still makes the unethical decision to offer the narrator the mission. Sayed says, â€Å"you wanted some action†¦. Well, the miracle has taken place†¦. mission is now possible† (Khadra 236). The narrator accepts the unethical mission. Delighted, but aware of the possibility the narrator may change his mind before the mission, Sayed makes the unethical discussion to manipulate his young cousin once again. He says, â€Å"Kafr Karam, the forgotten, will take its place in history† (Khadra 237). Those words send the narrator into a state of purpose and honor. This is evident when he says, â€Å"He had lifted me up into the ranks of those who are revered† (Khadra 237). The narrator has made the unethical choice to become a human weapon.

Managament Of Innovation And Technology Marketing Essay

Managament Of Innovation And Technology Marketing Essay Entering a market early has several advantages such as being capable to establish brand loyalty and technological leadership by learning effects and long-lived reputation; seizure of scarce assets by obtaining key locations; government permits; access to distribution channels and closer relationships with suppliers; taking advantage of buyer switching costs by using customers reluctance in switching to a more technologic product or service due to its complexity and unfamiliarity; reaping increasing returns advantages by utilizing self-reinforcing positive feedback mechanisms. (Schilling, 2010, p.93-95) However, there are some advantages to entering a market late such as benefitting from the ride-effect which enables late entrant to utilize first-mover firms research and development investments; capitalizing established-suppliers, existing distribution channels, and consumers familiarity to the technology; ability of ensuring the market to be more certain by more effectively estimatin g and determining customer expectations and demands; exploiting incumbent inertia by more easily adopting the new technologies and their required production processes. In terms of considering these advantages, late entrants can surpass first movers although there are a lot of advantages of entering a market early. (Schilling, 2010, p.95-96) Name a successful (a) first mover, (b) early follower, (c) late entrant. Identify unsuccessful examples of each? Successful example of first mover: Polaroid Instant camera Unsuccessful example of first mover: Kodak 8-mm Video Camera Successful example of early follower: Samsung Microwave Unsuccessful example of early follower: Intel Microprocessors Successful example of late entrant: Palm Computing PDA Unsuccessful example of late entrant: Dvorak Keyboard (Schilling, 2010, p.98) What factors might make some industries harder to pioneer than others? Are there industries in which there is no penalty for late entry? Limited existence of natural resources, suppliers, complementary goods, distribution channels, and installed base; requirement of the most advanced technologies; establishing consumer awareness and familiarity of the newest technology; uncertainty and ambiguity of customer preference and desirability; high threat of competitive entry into the market are some remarkable factors that might make some industries harder to pioneer than others. Exceptionally, when there are industries in which a unique firm has capability to produce an unduplicated product or service, this firm can enter the market whenever it wants. Namely, there is no penalty for later entry into such industries. Hydrogen-powered automobiles can be considered as a good example of such an industry. (Schilling, 2010, p.99-102) Chapter 5 Case Questions Why did most of the early PDA companies fail, even if they had innovative and sophisticated product designs? Despite of having innovative and sophisticated product designs, most of the early PDA companies fail because of some critical factors such as running out of money and funds; having insufficient complementary goods, suppliers and distribution channels; having a narrow installed base; due to lack of advanced and enabling technologies, facing difficulties in terms of developing memory capacity, process power, modem size, battery life and size, software products; lack of awareness of PDAs functions. (Schilling, 2010, p.90) Could early PDA companies have done anything differently to survive? Early PDA companies underestimated the sales volume as well as the cost of PDAs process and production that is why they encountered financial difficulties to afford and execute their projects as a result most of PDA companies ran out of money. However, some companies like Sharp and Casio were differently focused on more specialized devices and vertical markets. By doing so, these companies could survive and kept operating. (Schilling, 2010, p.90-91) From my point of view, the best and most logical thing that early and failed PDA companies could have done was to apply merger and acquisitions strategies in order to create more financial resources, more complementary goods, more distribution channels, and larger installed base so as to sustainably carry out their projects and accomplish their short-term and long-term goals. Why was Palm successful where so many others had failed? As a late entrant and observer, accurately assessing and estimating its target market; preventing to do the same mistakes the early PDA companies did; properly determining and defining the desirability of consumers from the product; producing a cost-efficient and straightforward product design were key elements ensured Palm to be successful.(Schilling, 2010, p.91) Was being late to the smart phone market a disadvantage for Apple? What factors enabled Apple to successfully enter when it did? As an overall evaluation, I do not think that being late to the smart phone market was a disadvantage for Apple because Apple benefitted from previous operations and advancements with regard to appropriately linking to complementary goods and enabling technologies in the smart phone market. Furthermore, producing a smart phone with an aerodynamic interface and elegant design, providing additional features like taking pictures and downloading music also contributed to Apples achievement. In conclusion, all these factors enabled Apple to successfully enter and operate in the smart phone market despite of being late. (Schilling, 2010, p.92) Are there increasing returns in the smart phone market? Is it likely to eventually pick a single operating system as the dominant design? According to me, it is obvious that there are increasing returns in the smart phone market because two principal sources of increasing returns; learning effects and network externalities are continuously being improved and advanced. If we look at today, there is a great competition between Apple and Samsung in the smart phone market. Almost all software products and mobile applications are predominantly designed and produced to be compatible to these companies smart phones. Additionally, there is a high local and global demand for both Apple and Samsung smart phones. Therefore, I believe that smart phone market is likely to pick Apple and Samsung together as the dominant designs. Chapter 6 What is the difference between strength, a competitive advantage, and a sustainable competitive advantage? Strength is considered as a firms resources and adequacies that provide a firm competitive advantage. However, competitive advantage is firms power and capability to beat and surpass its competitors by using its strengths. Eventually, sustainable competitive advantage refers a firms scarce, unduplicated, precious, constant, and long-standing resources enabling it to continuously outperform its competitor for a long period of time. (Schilling, 2010, p.119) What makes an ability (or set of abilities) a core competency? According to the model of Prahalad and Hamel, abilitys power to provide superiority in strategic differentiation; effective combination and coherence of numerous initial abilities; abilitys additive to increasing product value and perceived customer value; abilitys strength to foster a firms flexibility and configuration to changes and new improvements; abilitys sufficiency to contain series of different organizations; abilitys inimitable mechanism and structure are key factors that convert an ability into a core competency.(Schilling, 2010, p.122-123) Why is it necessary to perform an external and internal analysis before the firm can identify its true competencies? As Gallon and his research fellows suggest, building specific goal-oriented teams; establishing an elaborate and detailed set of capabilities; assigning the significance, power, and value of capabilities for a firm; analysis and evaluation of each competencies in respect to providing a competitive advantage and effective fulfillment of market needs; finding key competencies to be empowered and improved so as to provide a sustainable competitive advantage over competitors are critical steps in order a firm to accurately identify its competencies and accomplish its organizational goals. Hence, performing an external and internal analysis is essential and necessary. (Schilling, 2010, p.125) Pick a company you are familiar with. Can you identify some of its core competencies? I would like to evaluate and identify Apples core competencies as a familiar and popular company. Basically, Apples core competencies are highly focusing on innovation; considerably investing in research and development; creating elegant and aerodynamic designs; manufacturing various multifunctional products such as IMac, IPhone, IPAD, IPod; large installed base and availability of complementary goods; high brand recognition and loyalty; efficiently addressing its target market; successfully exhibiting its products and training its customers through Apple Stores. How is the idea of strategic intent different from models of strategy that emphasizes achieving a fit between the firms strategies and its current strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT)? The main difference between strategic intent and SWOT is their time perspective in terms of executing objectives and accomplishing goals. In this context, strategic intent has a future and long-term perspective (approximately 10 to 20 years). In essence, strategic intents core consideration is to ensure overall organization to focus on estimating future market demand, enhancing and improving its existing core competencies in order to fulfill the future market demand. On the other hand, SWOT has a short-term perspective in carrying out objectives and achieving the organizational success. In the light of this, SWOT is fundamentally focuses on current data and information such as current competencies, current market demand and meeting this demand. (Schilling, 2010, p.125-127) Can a strategic intent be too ambitious? Although strategic intent focuses on achieving future goals, it should not overlook current condition of the firm in respect to determining and establishing future plans and goals. In this context, if a firm has inadequate capabilities and resources to allow a transition between its current position and aimed future position, strategic intent can be considered too ambitious. (Schilling, 2010, p.127) Chapter 6 Case Questions How does Genzymes focus on orphan drugs affect the degree of competition it faces? How does it affect the bargaining power of customers? Genzymes focus on orphan drugs positively affects the degree of competition it faces, namely taking this action ensured Genzyme to lead competition in the market. There were several factors that weaken the competition. Initially, Genzymes competitors were quite reluctant focusing on orphan drugs due to its low demand and small market. Subsequently, Genzyme benefited from FDAs regulation and law which indicates that if a firm gets a patent and approval for an orphan drug, its drug gets a market exclusivity and protection from competition for seven years. As a result, there was no threat of potential entrants or existing rivalry at least for seven years, thus Genzyme remained powerful in the market. In addition to this, manufacturing and supplying a scarce and limited drug to relieve the pain of a particular illness induced patients not to have another choice except purchasing this drug. Therefore, Genzyme enhanced its bargaining power as a supplier whereas customers stayed with less b argaining power. (Schilling, 2010, p.110) How does focusing on orphan drugs affect the types of resources and capabilities a biotech firm needs to be successful? Focusing on orphan drugs requires a biotech firm to use the existing resources and capabilities predominantly related to producing orphan drugs rather than generally providing benefit to the medical environment so as to be successful in its commitment. Therefore, such a biotech firm should highly invest in research and development. Furthermore, such a firm should independently operate with limited and adequate employees in its own production, sales, and testing facilities so as to have higher profits and lower costs, correspondingly to be successful. Overall, I think, in this particular case focusing on orphan drugs has a positive effect in respect to more productively using the existing resources and capabilities. (Schilling, 2010, p.111) Does Genzymes focus on orphan drugs make sense? Do you think Genzyme has a long-term strategic intent? Genzymes focus on orphan drugs makes sense in terms of struggling to provide a medical treatment to rare diseases and illnesses. Accordingly, aiming to be highly profitable in this lowly competitive market also makes sense for Genzymes focus on orphan drugs. In my opinion, Genzyme demonstrated that it has a long-term strategic intent by dividing its businesses in different areas of medicine, and spreading its power to be dominant and leader in the market. (Schilling, 2010, p.113) Why do you think Genzyme has diversified into other areas of medicine? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this? I think, Genzyme has diversified into other areas of medicine in order to develop and advance its solutions to more diseases; capture more market share; reinforce and enhance its competitive advantage; profitability and sustainability; dominate the biotech market with its effective approaches to the critical medical issues. Despite of these pluses, it is inevitable for Genzyme to face more research and development costs to estimate and assess future solutions to diseases. What recommendations would you offer Genzyme for the future? I would offer Genzyme to maintain and sustain its diversified organizational structure so as to come up with new drugs for various diseases. By doing so, it can also foster and raise its profitability. However, diversifying and spreading its power to different medicine areas requires Genzyme to put more effort into developing, manufacturing, marketing, and selling operations so as to achieve the success. In this context, I think, Genzyme should only use this effort in creating and developing new drugs, namely it should pay less attention to the manufacturing, marketing, and selling processes by considering strategically established collaborations. By doing so, Genzyme can advance its core competencies and operational effectiveness in each medicine area it performs correspondingly it can considerably increase its profits.

Philosophy of Education Essay -- Philosophy of Education Statement Tea

Philosophy of Education I am twenty-eight years old, and have only decided to become a teacher within the past two years. I have always wanted to help people in some way, yet I was not sure of what area or angle to go with my humanitarian instincts. While at University, two of my professors would continually express their feelings on what an impact I would make as a teacher. This planted the seed. I later became pregnant with and gave birth to my daughter. When you are pregnant and have children you have many worries and anxieties, including the stress of who will be caring for and teaching your child. I then examined the public school systems, for it is very difficult to ignore the negative media it has received in just the past few years. Something inside of me has told me that this is where I want to be. Somehow I want to make a difference in that child’s life by showing the child that someone does care and that they do have a positive place in the world. Hopefully this can open the c hild up to the realization that knowledge is the power and the key to a successful and productive life. The more experiences that I acquire in the development of children, the better I understand the nature of the child. I reject Hobbes’ theory of the nasty brute, for I do not view children as being born inherently evil. My views of the nature of children also differ from that of Rousseau, for I do not view children as noble savages being born inherently good. I do advocate the theory of John Locke, the tabula rasa, stating that the mind of a child is born with a blank slate. Marx also plays a key role in my theory of the nature of children. Like Marx, I view human nature as dynamic and changing. In part, I feel ... ...ities out in order to properly to these students. I finally realized that I want to be in a special education setting, for this is my passion. I feel as if I am in a point in my life to begin teaching. Upon completion of my education degree at Concord College, I plan to begin my life as an educator. Not only do I plan to educate my students, but I also plan to further educate myself by obtaining my Masters Degree. My education will not stop at merely obtaining another degree. The world is in constant change, and to effectively teach my students I need to not only be aware of the change, yet I need to be knowledgeable of and interactive with the change. Empowering myself enables me to empower my students. Not only do I desire to obtain my goals as a teacher, yet I also want to assist in the formation of the goals of those who inherit the world.

An Adolescent Ailment

Gun Violence: An Adolescent Ailment BY Arod56 On an unseasonably cold March morning in 1993, high school sophomore Edward Gillom exited his first period classroom and made his way through the crowded hallways of Harlem High School. After engaging in a heated argument, allegedly over a girl, with Ronricas â€Å"Pony' Gibson and Ricoh Lee, Gillom pulled out a . 38-caliber gun and opened fire. Gillom's shots fatally wounded Gibson and left Lee with a non-fatal gunshot wound to the neck (Washington Ceasefire, 2011 pg 1).The shooting in Harlem, Georgia sparked national attention as one of the first high school shootings nd added to the alarmingly high rates of gun violence by adolescents during the 1990s. According to the Virginia Youth Violence Project, forty-two homicides took place in American schools in 1993 (2009 pg/par). While the rate of gun violence in American schools has decreased substantially since the early 1990s, the death rate for adolescents due to firearms in the United States is still higher than in any other industrialized nation (Vittes, Sorenson, &ump; Gilbert, 2003 pg/par).The current generation of American teenagers has grown up surrounded by gun violence: in the ews; in their video games; and in the television programs they watch. In the last twenty years, the United States has seen an upsurge of gun related crimes among adolescents; as a result, political leaders and their constituents have become outraged at how accessible the nation's gun laws make firearms to children and the mentally unstable to obtain, especially considering the dramatic decrease of gun control, which will inevitably lead to increased gun crimes involving teenagers and young adults.Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States once said, â€Å"No free man shall be debarred the use of arms†. The constitutional right to keep and bear arms stems from the right to self-defense, and in the 2008 Supreme Court case District of Columbia v. Heller, the court ruled that â€Å"the Second Amendment protects a pre-existing individual right to keep and bear arms†¦ ncluding, the individual right to possess and carry weapons in case of confrontation† (National Rifle Association, 2011 par 4). Although the Constitution gives individuals the right to bear arms, it does not exclude â€Å"prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill, or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places†¦ or laws imposing onditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of firearms,† (Romano ;ump; Wingert, 2011 par 13).In recent years here has been much discussion among the nation's lawmakers and their constituents as to whether or not the Second Amendment is still constitutional; the question is whether or not the Second Amendment should be revised, to prohibit the sale of firearms to those who do not meet certain conditions and qualifications, or even removed from the constitution. According to a national survey of 1 ,005 high school students, conducted by Vittes, Sorrenson and Gilbert, â€Å"63. percent of high school students believe that regulating he sale of guns does not violate the constitution† (2003, pg 12). In the same survey, 64. 6 percent responded that they would support stricter laws addressing the sale of firearms, and 82. 2 percent of those surveyed, believe that the government should make and enforce laws making it more difficult for criminals to obtain a gun†even if it means law abiding citizens would have a harder time purchasing guns (2003, pg 9).While the probability ot the Second Amendment being removed trom the Constitution is highly unlikely, the regulations that pro-gun control lobbyists have suggested seem incredibly logical. But despite the seemingly widespread support of stricter gun control, the gun control legislation that many Americans would like to see has yet to be passed by congress. According to the Center for Responsive Politi cs, in 2008 the National Rifle Association, the largest anti-gun control agency, spent 2. million dollars lobbying for pro-gun legislation, which is forty one times more than what gun control lobbyist could spend (Romano &ump; Wingert, 2011 par 7). The Gun Control Act of 1968, which is a revision of the National Firearms Act of 1934, established regulations for the selling of firearms and was passed in an effort to educe the amount of illegal firearm sales, to confine the sales of firearms to the buyer's state and to restrict certain people from, buying, selling, or transporting firearms (National Rifle Association, 2011b pg/par).As a result, national law prohibits the sale of firearms to those whom are currently under indictment for a felony, have been convicted of a felony, an illegal alien, a fugitive from the law, has been dishonorably discharged from the military, addicted to illegal narcotics or are non- residents of the state in which they are trying to purchase a gun (Nation al Rifle Association, 2011b pg/par). Despite these laws, lack of enforcement allowed individuals like Seung-Hui Cho and Jared Loughner, the shooters at the 2007 Virginia Tech massacre and the 2011 Tucson, Arizona shooting, to obtain firearms and take the lives of innocent people.The longer these laws go unenforced the longer gun violence crimes will continue to rise. There have been three noticeable periods in history during which the rates of adolescent gun violence peaked dramatically–1972-74, 1980 and 1992-3, with 1992-3 being the most dramatic increase (Wilkinson &ump; Fagan, 2001 pg 110). During the fourteen year timespan etween 1997 and 2011 there have been one-hundred and eighty-seven shootings on public school property in the United States (The Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, 2010).In their study of adolescents and their exposure to gun violence Wilkinson and Fagan stated that, Although violence has been a recurrent theme for decades among urban delinquency, y outh gun violence has become more prevalent and more concentrated spatially and socially in the past two decades. Starting in 1985, gun violence among teenagers rose sharply in prevalence; it diffused quickly through a generation of teenagers; it sustained a high prevalence and incidence for ver 5 years; and it has declined steadily in the past several years.This patter resembles nothing less than the outbreak of a contagious disease (Wilkinson ;ump; Fagan, 2001 pg 109). Although this study was conducted in 2001, its findings remain true, according to the National Institute of Justice since 2002 the prevalence of adolescent gun violence in America has risen steadily since 2000 (2010, chart 1). This â€Å"outbreak† of violence among youth is most prevalent and abundant in urban communities with high rates of low-income families and gang activity like Chicago, Illinois.In their 2009 report on youth violence in Chicago Roseanna Ander, Phillip Cook, Jens Ludwig and Harold Pollack stated that, â€Å"Over the past 50 years, our society has made far less progress in understanding how to protect our citizens from violence than from all manner of disease.